Table of Contents
What is the role of endophytes in plants?
Under normal conditions, endophytes have important roles in host plant growth either by secondary metabolite or nutrient assimilation or by preventing induction of plant disease symptoms by different pathogens.
How do endophytes differ from Endomycorrhizal fungi?
How do endophytes differ from endomycorrhizal fungi? Endophytes help plants absorb nutrients, whereas endomycorrhizal fungi help plants defend against predators and pathogens. Endophytes penetrate into plant cells, whereas endomycorrhizal fungi live within and between plant cell walls.
Do all plants have endophytes?
Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood.
How do endophytes help plant disease management?
Endophytes improve plant growth by secreting phytohormones and consequently help in nutrition improvement using bidirectional nutrient transfer and enhancement of the health of plants by protecting them against phytopathogens (Andreozzi et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2019).
How endophytes enter the plant?
Entry of Bacterial Endophytes into the Host Plant Openings in the roots where root hairs or lateral roots emerge, as well as stomata, wounds and hydathodes in the shoots are considered the main entry points that endophytes use to enter the host plant [4].
Do the endophytes pull nutrients from the soil?
Endophytic microbes link the interactions of plants, rhizospheric microbes and soil to promote nutrient solubilization and further vectoring these nutrients to the plant roots making the soil-plant-microbe continuum.
Can endophytes be pathogenic?
In certain endophytes, alteration of their lifestyle to pathogenic state is also found to depend on the host genotype, in addition to locally occurring abiotic stress factors (Bacon et al., 2008). For example, in maize, Fusarium verticillioides can live as a pathogen or an endophyte (Oren et al., 2003).
Are endophytes pathogenic?
Non-systemic or transient endophytes on the other hand vary in number and diversity within their plant hosts under changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become pathogenic to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions.
How many plants are mycorrhizal?
I. Introduction
| Mycorrhizal type | Major groups of plantsa | Number of plant species hosting mycorrhizal fungia |
|---|---|---|
| Ericoid mycorrhiza | Members of the Ericaceae, some liverwortsf (2000). | 3900 |
| Nonmycorrhizal plant speciesd (2013) and Kivlin et al. (2011). | Brassicaceae, Crassulaceae, Orobanchaceae, Proteaceae etc. | 51 500 |
How are endophytes transmitted?
Bacteria living inside plant tissues as endophytes can be horizontally acquired from the environment with each new generation, or vertically transmitted from generation to generation via seed.
Is mycorrhizal fungi good for all plants?
Mycorrhizas are fungal associations between plant roots and beneficial fungi. The fungi effectively extend the root area of plants and are extremely important to most wild plants, but less significant for garden plants where the use of fertilisers and cultivation disrupts and replaces these associations.
Which endophytes do fungi associate with which trees?
The frequencies of association between endophytes and different trees ( Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, and Picea glauca) revealed the preferences of some fungi for a specific tree; for example, Phialocephala fortinii associates preferentially with P. glauca and Oidodendron sp. with B. papyrifera ( Kernaghan and Patriquin, 2011 ).
Do fungal endophytes have bioactive properties?
The chemical composition, antifungal, antioxidant and antimutagenicity properties of bioactive compounds from fungal endophytes associated with Thai orchids. J. Phytopathol. 2019; 167 :56–64. doi: 10.1111/jph.12773.
How do fungal endophytes parasitize pathogens?
These fungal endophytes outcompeted the pathogens for space and nutrients, produced compounds that degraded the cell walls of the pathogenic fungal hyphae and directly parasitized the pathogens with invading hyphae [ 91 ].
How do endophytic fungal hyphae grow?
Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host meristems, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts.